Martin Luther: Reformation (Continued)

Luther’s Banishment:

·      Luther is protected by Prince Frederick

·      Luther during his banishment gained many Protestant followers

The Spread of Protestantism:

·      Lutheran church quickly spread through many German states

·      Charles the V- opposes Luther, leads army against Protestant Princes in a ten year war

·      War ends in peace at Augsburg

·      Agreement: area will take on the religion as chosen by the Prince

The Anglican Church:

·      Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon

·      Henry withdraws England from the Catholic Church

He forms the Church of England or Anglican Church

Quick Notes: The Reformation

The Importance of the Reformation:

·      Martin Luther stood up for Protestants

·      New sect of Christianity in Europe, and later in the world

·      Inspired Revolutions of America/France

Causes of the Reformation:

·      Challenged authority by emphasizing on the individual

·      Printing press spread his ideas

·      People resented paying taxes to the Church/Pope

·      Renaissance signaled change in Europe

·      Defined the direction of change

Martin Luther:

·      German monk from Wittenberg

·      Disagreed with the practices of the Catholic Church

·      Wanted to reform Catholicism but not reform it, even though he breaks away later

Luther’s Grievances:

·      The sale of indulgences- a grant of salvation

·      God cannot be manipulated

·      Priests illiterate-poor scriptures

·      Priests not allowed to marry

The Church’s Reaction:

·      Luther summoned to Worms

·      Told to recant- threatened with excommunication

·      Refuses

·      Banished from the Kingdom and not allowed to write public works

Quick Notes: The Scientific Revolution

Changes:

·      affects intellectual life, prompts change in popular outlook

·      Science rose and became a big part of thinking

Importance:

·      changes the world socially

·      longer lives, more accomplishment

·      started by Renaissance ideals

Experiments and Mathematics:

·      Europeans (Arisotle) look to ancient Greece for universal answers

·      not trusted unless proved by science

·      Leads to the Scientic Method

Copernicus:

·      Polish Monk (16^th century)

·      reveals planets move around the sun, sets other discoveries in motion

·      Arab scientist did have a similar theory 200 years prior

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630):

·      Like Copernicus, studies planetary movement

·      figures that the planets didn’t moved in perfect orbit

Galileo:

·      provided proof to Kepler’s discovery

·      credited with making first use of telescope to observe the heavens

·      Condemned by Catholic Church, contradicted the bible

·      created great interest in astronomy

William Harvey:

·      Englishman

·      demonstrated the circular movement of blood in animals- heart “pumping station”

·      interest in anatomy

·      Harvey made a blood transfusion from a calf to a human vein

Rene Descartes (1596-1650):

·      French philosopher

·      believes everything must be proven through thought

·      “I think, therefore I am”

Sir Isaac Newton:

·      combines findings of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo

·      explained why planets moved around the sun

·      law of universal gravity discovered

·       

Renaissance Art

Quick Notes: The Renaissance

-Comes from French, Meaning “Rebirth”

-Cultural movement from 14^th to 17^th century

-Philosophical, artistic movement which begins in Italy.

-New Developments: Printing Press by Gutenberg, Science with Galileo, new emphasis on thinking and questioning.

The Scholars:

-Early Scholars/Italian scholars were fascinated with the ancient world

-devoted their lives to the pursuit of knowledge and thinking.

The Writers:

-Francesco Petrarch- 1304-1374

-Romantic Poet, saw writing as a love

-Inspired by many works of Shakespeare

Niccolo Machiavelli-

-wrote controversial book, The Prince

-lack of virtue, how government should keep people in line.

The Artists:

-Medieval paintings focused on religion.

-Backgrounds often religious* (on quiz)

-Renaissance painters depicted real life like figures in their paintings.

-Backgrounds where usually country side or where the artist lives.

(La Primavera, painting from Renaissance, over 500 hundred identified plant species in this work.)

The High Renaissance:

-Late 1400’s, early 1500’s

-Da Vinci-Painter, sculptor, and scientist.

-Michelangelo-Sistine Chapel, David.

-Rafael-Frescos in Papel chambers.

The Northern Renaissance:-

-the spread of ideas from Europe to the north*

-printing press allows books to be spread to wide audience